Phenomenon
Transit
A small body crossing in front of a larger one.
Mercury and Venus occasionally cross the disc of the Sun as seen from Earth. Exoplanets are discovered by the tiny dips in starlight when they transit their stars.
See also
Herbig–Haro Object
Glowing shock fronts from a young-star jet.
Nutation
A small nodding of Earth's spin axis.
Solar Eclipse
When the Moon stands between Earth and Sun.
Lunar Eclipse
When Earth's shadow falls on the Moon.
Meteor Showers
Cosmic dust burning in our atmosphere.
Aurora (Northern/Southern Lights)
Solar wind painting the upper atmosphere.